Elaborating on what knowtheory posted, in modern linguistics, "Chomskian" doesn't usually refer to "everything Chomsky said". For example, Chomsky was probably the foremost advocate of the overthrow of behaviourist theory in linguistics, and now no-one takes extreme behaviourism a la BF Skinner serious (as an explanation of linguistic behaviour), but this rejection is not currently labelled as "Chomskian". It's just linguistics.
So, not that I'm 100% clear on the details, but Chomskian refers to more specific claims. For example, some claims about what aspects of language knowledge are innate (Chomsky claims a great language engine with a relatively small number of tuning parameters). As another example, at least at one point, I think Chomsky was rejecting syntax rulesets with productions that were not binary? I think?
"Chomsky was probably the foremost advocate of the overthrow of behaviourist theory in linguistics, and now no-one takes extreme behaviourism a la BF Skinner serious (as an explanation of linguistic behaviour), but this rejection is not currently labelled as 'Chomskian'. It's just linguistics."
My impression was that Chomsky had effectively replaced extreme behaviorism with extreme "Chomskianism", which had then assumed the name of linguistics. Extreme behaviorism is pretty goofy, but less extreme versions have some good points.
So, not that I'm 100% clear on the details, but Chomskian refers to more specific claims. For example, some claims about what aspects of language knowledge are innate (Chomsky claims a great language engine with a relatively small number of tuning parameters). As another example, at least at one point, I think Chomsky was rejecting syntax rulesets with productions that were not binary? I think?